Sains Malaysiana 53(8)(2024): 1729-1739

http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2024-5308-01

Synergistic Developmental Toxicity and Apoptosis of BPA and Zn Co-Exposure in Daphnia magna

 (Ketoksikan Perkembangan Sinergi dan Apoptosis Pendedahan BPA dan Zn Co dalam Daphnia magna)

NAIMA HAMID^1,2,*, AISHAH BINTI ARIFIN¹ & ONG MENG CHUAN^1,2

¹Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia

²Ocean Pollution and Ecotoxicology (OPEC) Research Group, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia

Received: 21 March 2024/Accepted: 28 June 2024

Abstract

The combined effects of chemical pollutants in the aqueous environment create inevitable impacts on aquatic ecosystems. Bisphenol A (BPA) is identified as a chemical pollutant of significant concern, primarily owing to its pronounced toxicity in the freshwater environment. Similarly, essential elements like zinc (Zn) may induce toxic effects upon alterations in their metal speciation, leading to increased bioavailability. Therefore, the present study aimed to elucidate the developmental toxicity effects using fresh water model Daphnia magna. Using environment-relevant BPA (10 µg/L and 20 µg/L) and Zn (10 µg/L and 30 µg/L) levels were exposed to Daphnia magna for 48 h to determine the acute toxicity. Results showed that maximum mortality (40%) was observed at a high exposure dose of BPA and Zn at 48 h. Similarly, a significant dose-dependent reduction in heartbeat and body weight was found in all samples. Blood clotting, broken antenna, missing tail changes in the carapace, and bioaccumulation, were the dominant morphological changes in all treatments. These findings were confirmed with the elevated apoptosis at the second antenna, gut, and post-abdominal regions after high-dose treatment. Spearman correlation analysis showed a significant positive correlation (R² = 0.86) between mortality and deformity ratio indicating high joint toxicity of BPA and Zn. Lastly, more in-depth studies are required to highlight the combined toxicity of the BPA and Zn and ensure ecological integrity.

Keywords: Acute toxicity; Bisphenol A; Daphnia magna; emerging pollutants; heavy metals

Abstrak

Kesan gabungan pencemar kimia dalam persekitaran akuatik memberi kesan yang tidak dapat dielakkan terhadap ekosistem akuatik. Bisfenol A (BPA) dikenal pasti sebagai pencemar kimia yang memberi perhatian utama, terutamanya disebabkan ketoksikan yang ketara dalam persekitaran air tawar. Demikian juga, unsur-unsur penting seperti zink (Zn) boleh menyebabkan kesan toksik apabila terdapat perubahan dalam spesiasi logam mereka, mengakibatkan peningkatan bioketersediaan. Oleh itu, kajian ini bertujuan untuk menerangkan kesan ketoksikan perkembangan dengan menggunakan model air tawar Daphnia magna. Dengan menggunakan tahap BPA (10 µg/L dan 20 µg/L) dan Zn (10 µg/L dan 30 µg/L) yang relevan dengan alam sekitar, Daphnia magna terdedah selama 48 jam untuk menentukan ketoksikan akut. Keputusan menunjukkan bahawa kematian maksimum (40%) diperhatikan pada dos pendedahan tinggi BPA dan Zn pada 48 jam. Begitu juga, pengurangan berdasarkan dos yang signifikan dalam kadar degupan jantung dan berat badan ditemui dalam semua sampel. Pengerutan darah, patah antena, perubahan ekor yang hilang dalam karapas, dan bioakumulasi, adalah perubahan morfologi dominan dalam semua rawatan. Penemuan ini disahkan dengan peningkatan apoptosis pada antena kedua, usus dan kawasan post-abdomen selepas rawatan dos tinggi. Analisis korelasi Spearman mendedahkan korelasi positif yang signifikan (R² = 0.86) antara kadar kematian dan nisbah kecacatan, menunjukkan ketoksikan gabungan yang tinggi bagi BPA dan Zn. Kesimpulannya, kajian yang lebih mendalam diperlukan untuk menonjolkan ketoksikan gabungan BPA dan Zn serta memastikan integriti ekologi.

Kata kunci: Bisfenol A; Daphnia magna; kemunculan bahan pencemar; ketoksikan akut; logam berat

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*Corresponding author; email: naima@umt.edu.my